Ali ibn Musa al-Rida

 hich kas nist ke dar kooye toash kari nist,

har kas inja be tarighe havasi miyayad.

Milade Emame Raoofeman Mobarak Bad

Bluesky  

 

 

Nailed

NAILED

 

Definition:	To find or catch someone doing something wrong.
Example:	1) Jimmy's father nailed him smoking cigarettes. 2) After three years of counterfeiting treasury bonds, the FBI nailed the crime ring.
Etymology:	A 'nail' is a small piece of metal that holds two pieces of wood together. When you get nailed, you and the thing you did wrong are attached together, for everyone to see.

Bluesky

Slang of the Day

Love Handles

Definition:	Unsightly fat that shows from the sides at the waist, usually on men.
Example:	1) I need to exercise more -- my love handles are growing!
Etymology:	Fat at the waist sometimes forms 'handles' or grips that a lover could grab and hold onto.

کتاب پیامبر توسط جبران خلیل جبران

The Prophet
(1923)
Kahlil Gibran

The Prophet is a book of prose poetry that made its Lebanese-American author famous.

The Prophet begins with a man named Almustafa living on an island call Orphalese. Locals consider him something of a sage, but he is from elsewhere, and has waited twelve years for the right ship to take him home. From a hill above the town, he sees his ship coming into the harbor, and realizes his sadness at leaving the people he has come to know. The elders of the city ask him not to leave. He is asked to tell of his philosophy of life before he goes, to speak his truth to the crowds gathered. What he has to say forms the basis of the book.

The Prophet provides timeless spiritual wisdom on a range of subjects, including giving, eating and drinking, clothes, buying and selling, crime and punishment, laws, teaching, time, pleasure, religion, death, beauty and friendship. Corresponding to each chapter are evocative drawings by Gibran himself.

Freedom

The longing for freedom is itself a kind of slavery. When people speak of wanting to be free, often it is aspects of themselves they are trying to get away from.

Prayer

You cannot ask for anything in prayer, because God already knows your deepest needs. As God is our main need, so we should not pray for other things, but ask for more of God.

.....and many other advices for humanity , this is very nice book it is recommended to  all of my friends.

Bluesky 

IELTS =International English Language Testing System

IELTS is the International English Language Testing System. It measures ability to communicate in English across all four language skills – listening, reading, writing and speaking – for people who intend to study or work where English is the language of communication.

Since 1989, IELTS has been proven and trusted worldwide to provide a secure, global, authentic and customer-focused test which measures true to life ability to communicate in English. Close to 5,000 education institutions, faculties, government agencies and professional organisations around the world recognise IELTS scores as a trusted and valid indicator of ability to communicate in English.

More than 700,000 people a year are now using IELTS to open doors throughout the English-speaking world and beyond. The test is taken every year across 120 countries, and is one of the fastest growing English language tests in the world, and sets the standard in integrity, research and innovation.

mj

English makes you feel good

If you have read our article "Why learn English", you already know that English can improve your life. It can let you get smarter, meet people, earn more money, etc. But have you ever wondered how it would feel to know English well?

               ...   

 Imagine          

You're at an English class. Everybody is doing an exercise. People are all talking about the exercise; there is a lot of noise. You finished two minutes ago, and now there are people around you asking questions. "What does extemporaneous mean?", "What's the answer in point 2?". You know the correct answers and you help them. You know why they asked your help — because they know you are good. You feel respected and admired. The teacher has noticed your skills, too. He looks at you with admiration.

You're flying on a plane, coming back from your vacation. You see the person next to you reading an American newspaper. Since the flight is going to take a long time, you decide to have a conversation. "The engines are awfully loud, aren't they?", you say. "Yeah. It looks like the airplane may break into pieces at any moment", he laughs. The conversation goes on. You speak easily and you enjoy it. A moment before touchdown, your neighbor says: "You speak just like an American. Your pronunciation, your grammar — it's amazing!" You get off the plane smiling. What a great day!

You're on a bus to school, just like every day. You decide to spend the time reading a few pages out of a book. You take it out. The book is in English. As you start reading, the person sitting next to you looks at the book's cover and notices the English title. The person gives you a long look of admiration and envy. A moment later, some other people in the bus start staring at you. They would like to be able to read an English book, but they can't. You feel satisfaction. You're glad you've spent time on learning English.

You're at an international airport. You walk quickly, and you look confident. You understand all the signs around you, you understand the announcements. You know that if there were any problems you could easily communicate with the airport's staff in their own language. You walk to your gate, thinking how much more difficult it would be if you didn't know English.

mj

How to learn English

How To Learn English

Here are some tips which may help you to master the English Language

Speak without Fear

The biggest problem most people face in learning a new language is their own fear.  They worry that they won’t say things correctly or that they will look stupid so they don’t talk at all.  Don’t do this.  The fastest way to learn anything is to do it – again and again until you get it right.  Like anything, learning English requires practice.  Don’t let a little fear stop you from getting what you want. 

Use all of your Resources

Even if you study English at a language school it doesn’t mean you can’t learn outside of class.  Using as many different sources, methods and tools as possible, will allow you to learn faster.  There are many different ways you can improve your English, so don’t limit yourself to only one or two.  The internet is a fantastic resource for virtually anything, but for the language learner it's perfect. 

Surround Yourself with English

The absolute best way to learn English is to surround yourself with it.  Take notes in English, put English books around your room, listen to English language radio broadcasts, watch English news, movies and television.  Speak English with your friends whenever you can. The more English material that you have around you, the faster you will learn and the more likely it is that you will begin “thinking in English.” .

Listen to Native Speakers as Much as Possible

There are some good English teachers that have had to learn English as a second language before they could teach it.  However, there are several  reasons why many of the best schools prefer to hire native English speakers. One of the reasons is that native speakers have a natural flow to their speech that students of English should try to imitate.  The closer ESL / EFL students can get to this rhythm or flow, the more convincing and comfortable they will become. 

Watch English Films and Television

This is not only a fun way to learn but it is also very effective.  By watching English films (especially those with English subtitles) you can expand your vocabulary and hear the flow of speech from the actors.  If you listen to the news you can also hear different accents. 

Listen to English Music

Music can be a very effective method of learning English.  In fact, it is often used as a way of improving comprehension.  The best way to learn though, is to get the lyrics (words) to the songs you are listening to and try to read them as the artist sings.  There are several good internet sites where one can find the words for most songs. This way you can practice your listening and reading at the same time.  And if you like to sing, fine.

Study As Often As Possible!

Only by studying things like grammar and vocabulary and doing exercises, can you really improve your knowledge of any language. 

Do Exercises and Take Tests

Many people think that exercises and tests aren't much fun.  However, by completing exercises and taking tests you can really improve your English. One of the best reasons for doing lots of exercises and tests is that they give you a benchmark to compare your future results with.  Often, it is by comparing your score on a test you took yesterday with one you took a month or six months ago that you realize just how much you have learned.  If you never test yourself, you will never know how much you are progressing. Start now by doing some of the many exercises and tests on this site, and return in a few days to see what you've learned. Keep doing this and you really will make some progress with English.

Record Yourself

Nobody likes to hear their own voice on tape but like tests, it is good to compare your tapes from time to time.  You may be so impressed with the progress you are making that you may not mind the sound of your voice as much.

Listen to English

By this, we mean, speak on the phone or listen to radio broadcasts, audiobooks or CDs in English. This is different than watching the television or films because you can’t see the person that is speaking to you.  Many learners of English say that speaking on the phone is one of the most difficult things that they do and the only way to improve is to practice.

Finally

Have fun

Copyed by MRA from www.world-english.org

Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto :  born 21 June 1953 in Karachi

is a Pakistani politician. Bhutto is the first woman elected to lead a post-colonial Muslim state. She was twice elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was sworn in for the first time in 1988 but removed from office 20 months later under orders of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on grounds of alleged corruption. In 1993 Bhutto was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges, this time by President Farooq Leghari.

Bhutto went into self-imposed exile in Dubai in 1998, where she remained until she returned to Pakistan on October 18, 2007, after reaching an understanding with General Musharraf by which she was granted amnesty and all corruption charges were withdrawn.^[1] On 3 November 2007 she criticized General Musharraf for declaring a state of emergency. On 9 November 2007, she was placed under house arrest by order of General Musharraf, thus being prevented from speaking at a political rally. Gatherings of any kind had been outlawed under the declared emergency rule. Just hours after the rally Bhutto was released from house-arrest.

She is the eldest child of former premier Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a Pakistani of Sindhi extraction, and Begum ("Lady") Nusrat Bhutto, a Pakistani of Iranian-Kurdish extraction. Benazir studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Oxford, and has a Harvard University degree. Her paternal grandfather was Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto who came to Larkana Sindh before partition from his native town of Bhatto Kalan which is situated in the Indian state of Haryana.

mj has copyed from : www.wikipedia.org

slang of the day

Jane Doe

Definition:	An unidentified woman.
Example:	1) The police found Jane Doe number 1 buried under a blanket in the back yard.
Definition:	The average American woman.
Example:	1) Jane Doe spends most of her time shopping for the latest fashions.
Etymology:	This is the female version of 'John Doe', which has been used for hundreds of years to refer to a typical, average man, particularly in legal cases or in reference to unidentified dead bodies. Both 'Jane' and 'John' are very common names.

‌Bluesky

Pakistan readies caretaker government

Nov. 15 marks the end of the current Parliament's five-year term. Musharraf's concurrent presidential mandate also expires Thursday, though he has extended it by calling a state of emergency that has cast Pakistan into a deep political crisis.

The caretaker administration will be charged with guiding Pakistan toward parliamentary elections to be held by Jan. 9. The vote is supposed to complete the restoration of democratic rule in Pakistan, eight years after Musharraf seized power in a bloodless coup.

mj has copyed from : www.yahoo.com

Slang of the Day

one foot in the grave

Definition: Close to death; a person who is or appears to be nearly dead.

Example: e.g.  Ma says Pa has one foot in the grave, so we probably should start planning his funeral.

Etymology: This phrase dates back to the 1600s, and its meaning is fairly straightforward. Your 'grave' is where you are buried when you die, and if you have 'one foot' already in the grave, then you must be very close to the end of your life.

 

Bluesky

 

Grammar

My Dear Friend Now Watch this out  

The second verb after these specific verbs comes in the Gerund form (V1+ing):

Acknowledge, Admit, Anticipate, Appreciate, Avoid, Can't help, Can't stand, Delay, Deny, Dislike, Consider, Enjoy, Excuse, Finish, Give up= Stop= Quit, Justify, Keep on= Go on, Mention, Miss (=az dast dadan), Mind (=ahamiyat dadan), Postpone, Practice, Put off, Recommend, Resent, Resist, Risk, Suggest, Spend (time /money), Understand, Waste of (time/ money), In addition to , To be similar to, Look forward to, Forbid, To be well worth/while, It's no good, It's no use, Have difficulty, To be busy, Imagine +  V1 ing

Bluesky

The Most Powerful Women

 

1.Condoleezza Rice 

Secretary of state
U.S.

She is the first African-American woman

to become the U.S. secretary of state.

She advises the leader of the world's

largest superpower and has an

unparalleled level of trust with and access

to the president. And she has served two other U.S. presidents, George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan. For all of these reasons, and more, Rice, 50, is the most powerful woman in the world.

After a four-year role as national security adviser, Rice assumed the mantle of secretary of state in January. Rice has played a key, behind-the-scenes role in all of President George W. Bush's major decisions. "During the last four years, I've relied on her counsel, benefited from her great experience and appreciated her sound and steady judgment," the president said when announcing Rice's promotion. Bush needs her now more than ever, as his approval ratings and credibility sag, his domestic agenda is stalled, and the country grows more bitterly divided over the war in Iraq.

With her steely nerve and delicate manners (she has been called the "Warrior Princess"), Rice lately has reinvigorated her position with diplomatic activism, whether it's promoting Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip to ease the Palestinian conflict, or encouraging six-party talks to get North Korea to stop its pursuit of nuclear weapons, or trying to stop Sudan's genocide—to the point where her diplomatic party was recently roughed up by Sudan's strongmen. Rice also has close relationships with world leaders, having accompanied the president on numerous trips to Europe and Iraq. Rice has visited 31 countries and logged in over 119,000 miles by midyear. An unofficial Web site proclaims, "Condoleezza Rice for President 2008," which might be a long-shot idea. But a run by Rice for the presidency would make history in the U.S.

—Tatiana Serafin

 

  

   

2.Wu Yi

Vice Premier, minister of health
China

   Having risen up the ranks of China's Communist Party leadership since 1962, Wu Yi, 66, became a member of the Central Committee in 2002, adding the post of minister of health in 2003. Wu Yi has been busy this year as she helps China battle disgruntled textile manufacturers, due to the lifting of World Trade Organization quotas. In a bold June speech in Hong Kong, Wu Yi called for an end to politicizing economic issues. One key move by her country should help here. Bowing to international pressure, in July China revalued the yuan by a modest 2.1%, scrapping the yuan's ten-year-old peg to the U.S. dollar and replacing it with a tightly managed float against a basket of unspecified foreign currencies, in which the dollar will likely occupy a prominent place.

—T.S.

 

3.Yulia Tymoshenko

Former prime minister
Ukraine

  Tymoshenko, 44, was one of the leaders

 of Ukraine's Orange Revolution last fall

 that toppled a stagnant, corrupt regime.

For her support, the country's new

president, Victor Yushchenko, appointed her

prime minister, a post she is using

forcefully to shake up Ukrainian oligarchs. Her bold moves to re-privatize industrial assets, allegedly bought on the cheap by billionaires like Rinat Akhmetov and Victor Pinchuk, have met with criticism both inside and outside Ukraine. The discontent has finally caught up with her. Tymoshenko was sacked by Yuschenko in September. But don't count her out quite yet. Tymoshenko is used to controversy, having fallen out with the sitting government in 2001, leading to her arrest and later dismissal. She will be back in parliamentary elections scheduled for March 2006.

—T.S.

Copyed by MRA from http://www.forbes.com

Do u believe in Nostradamus propheciess'??

"When the prophecies-within-prophecies are deciphered, the hidden timeline of World War III is revealed."

In May 2005, members of the Italian National Library in Rome made an amazing discovery. Buried in their archives was an unknown manuscript written by the famed prophet Michel de Nostradame, or Nostradamus (1503-1566). This manuscript was handed down to his son and later donated to Pope Urban VIII. It did not surface again until now, almost four hundred years later.

Using cutting-edge data mining techniques, Dr. Rathford sifted this complex word puzzle searching for significant patterns and relationships. Almost immediately, he came up with the predictive model known as The Nostradamus Code.

When the prophecies-within-prophecies are deciphered, the hidden timeline of World War III is revealed. A sample of the new predictions include:

• A conflict between the US and Iran
• The next major terrorist attack on the US
• Osama Bin Laden
• The nuclear destruction of Rome

"Nostrodamus Code is the name of book which was written by Dr. Michael Rathford who has studied Quatrains of Nostradamus since 1975. He is the author of the best-selling book, The Nostradamus Code: World War III. "

Bluesky

All About Inventions

From new modern-day conveniences like computers, cell phones and MP3 players, to the little things that we take for granted every day like electricity, running water, automobiles, telephones and airplanes, the world has evolved into what we know today thanks to the art of invention.

Defined as the process of discovering or presenting an element of novelty that will be of use to someone or something, inventing has been continuously occurring for centuries. An invention may be based on an earlier idea or collaboration, or may be en entirely new breakthrough alltogether.

Some of the greatest inventors of all time, including Thomas Edison, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Graham Bell, George Eastman, Steve Jobs and the Wright brothers, all had one thing in common: they wanted to make life a little easier and more convenient for the rest of us.

An invention is essentially just a good idea that serves a purpose. The only goal an invention has to accomplish is solving some kind of problem. Whether it’s making it easier for wheelchair-bound individuals to get around, or the scientific discovery of a new medical vaccine, every invention fits into its own significant role in society.

Bluesky

How Many Words Should we Know?..m

By the second grade, students may know anywhere between 2,000 and 5,000 words (Graves, Juel, and Graves 1998). As their reading and writing develops, students learn, on average, 3,000 to 4,000 words a year. (Nagy and Anderson, 1984; Nagy and Herman, 1987). If you were able to try to directly teach all of those words, you would have to teach over 20 words a day (Stahl, 1999)! So how do students learn all the words they need to know? The combination of direct instruction and wide reading is a good formula for word learning.

Try the Words Words Words activity from Scholastic Red. This simple lesson illustrates the levels of word knowledge – some words may be immediately recognizable while others are completely unfamiliar.

Ask Yourself

• Which words did you know immediately? Which ones do you use in speech or writing?
• Which words did you recognize but had to think about before defining? Would you feel confident enough to use them in conversation or in a paper that your colleagues would read?
• Were there any words that you just didn’t know?

mj has copyed from : http://content.scholastic.com

where do languages come from ?.. m-ruhlen

WE DON'T ASK OURSELVES where languages come from because they just seem to be there: French in France, English in England, Chinese in China, Japanese in Japan, and so forth. Yet if we go back only a few thousand years, none of these languages were spoken in their respective countries and indeed none of these languages existed anywhere in the world. Where did they all come from?

Linguist Merritt Ruhlen, author of The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue, details the factors that determine the development and evolution of regional dialects.

mj has copyed from : www.exploratorium.edu

E-Advertising - Expanding the Market

In current times computers and the Internet have a greater impact in our lives. Advertising on the Internet is becoming very popular among many different types of business. Placing advertising on the World Wide Web is extremely cost effective and only requires a small amount of regular maintenance. The other main advantage of advertising on the Internet is that the results of a computer-based advertising campaign can be measured instantly, removing the need for complicated marketing research projects to measure the effectiveness of campaigns.
Web Sites
Many companies currently have a website. Company websites vary greatly in the features that are incorporated into the site. Many companies have their own web designers who work on developing new aspects to the company website and who maintain it.
The website can provide information about the company, its products or services, employment opportunities and have order forms online to allow customers to view and order products.
A website allows a company to gain international exposure without the need of costly advertising campaigns.

mj has copyed from : http://www.english-daily.com/english-in-details-213.php

Daddy long-leg

Daddy Long-Legs is a 1912 novel by an American writer Jean Webster. It follows the protagonist, a young girl named Jerusha "Judy" Abbott, through her college years. She writes the letters to her benefactor, a rich man whom she has never seen.

Jerusha Abbott was brought up at the John Grier Home, an old-fashioned orphanage. The children were wholly dependent on charity. They were badly fed and had to wear other people's cast-off clothes. Jerusha's unusual first name was selected by the headmistress off a grave stone while her surname was selected out of the phone book. At the age of 18, she has finished her education and is at loose ends, still working in the dormitories at the institution where she was brought up.

When the asylum's trustees make their monthly visit, Jerusha is informed by the asylum's dour headmistress that one of the trustees has offered to pay her way through college. He has spoken to her former teachers and knows that she is an excellent writer. He will pay her tuition and also give her a generous monthly allowance. Jerusha must write him a monthly letter, because he believes that letter-writing is important to the development of a writer. However, she will never know his identity, and he will never reply.

Jerusha catches a glimpse of the shadow of her benefactor from the back, and knows he is a tall long-legged man. Because of this, she jokingly calls him Daddy Long-Legs. She attends a "girls' college," but the name and location are never identified. Men from Princeton University are frequently mentioned as dates, so it might be assumed that her college is one of the Seven Sisters. It was certainly on the East Coast. She illustrates her letters with childlike line drawings, also created by Jean Webster.

The book chronicles Jerusha's educational, personal, and social growth. One of the first things she does at college is to change her name to "Judy." She designs a rigorous reading program for herself and struggles to gain the basic cultural knowledge to which she, growing up in the bleak environment of the orphan asylum, was never exposed.

At the end of the book, of course, the identity of 'Daddy Long-Legs' is revealed.

Bluesky

 

Pronunciation - Silent Letters

Are these statements True or False?

1. L is often not pronounced before L, D, F, M, K,  e.g. calm, half, salmon, talk, would, should.	True    False
2. N is not pronounced following M at the end of a word, e.g. autumn, hymn.	True    False
3. P is not pronounced at the beginning of many words using the suffix "psych" and "pneu", e.g. psychiatrist, pneumonia, psychotherapy.	True    False
4. S is not pronounced before L in the following words: island, isle.	True    False
5. T is not pronounced in these common words: castle, Christmas, listen, often, whistle.	True    False
6. U is not pronounced before after G and before a vowel, e.g. guess, guidance, guitar, guest.	True    False
7. W is not pronounced at the beginning of a word followed by an R, e.g. wrap, write, wrong.	True    False
8. W is not pronounced with these three pronouns: who, whose, whom.	True    False

mj has copyed from : http://www.english-daily.com/english-exercises-details-75-3868.php

A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss

 

Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel, 1904-1991) was a life-long cartoonist: in high school in Springfield, Massachusetts; in college at Dartmouth (Class of 1925); as an adman in New York City before World War II; in his many children's books, beginning with To Think That I Saw it on Mulberry Street (1937). Because of the fame of his children's books (and because we often misunderstand these books) and because his political cartoons have remained largely unknown, we do not think of Dr. Seuss as a political cartoonist. But for two years, 1941-1943, he was the chief editorial cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM (1940-1948), and for that journal he drew over 400 editorial cartoons.

mj has copyed from : http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/Frame.htm

time for u time for me time for 100 vision and revision,time for u time for me time for 100 vision a

For everything there is a season,

And a time for every matter under heaven:
A time to be born, and a time to die;
A time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted;
A time to kill, and a time to heal;
A time to break down, and a time to build up;
A time to weep, and a time to laugh;
A time to mourn, and a time to dance;
A time to throw away stones, and a time to gather stones together;
A time to embrace, And a time to refrain from embracing;
A time to seek, and a time to lose;
A time to keep, and a time to throw away;
A time to tear, and a time to sew;
A time to keep silence, and a time to speak;
A time to love, and a time to hate,
A time for war, and a time for peace.

 

Ecclesiastes 3:1-8

 

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (born February 19, 1953 as Cristina Elisabet Fernández), often known as Cristina Kirchner, is an Argentine politician from the Justicialist Party. She is the wife of the current President of Argentina, Néstor Kirchner, and a former senator for Buenos Aires Province.

In the October 2007 general election, Fernández ran for President of Argentina, representing the ruling Front for Victory party.^[2] According to partial official results, she won the election with nearly 45% of the vote, and a 20% lead over her nearest rival — one of the widest margins a candidate has obtained since democracy returned in 1983 — avoiding the need for a runoff election.^[3] If final results confirm the current trend, she will become Argentina's second female president (after Isabel Martínez de Perón), but the first to be elected.

Fernández is noted for her wardrobe and shoe collection. She has been called "Imelda" and a "fashionista" by ABC News.^[4] She and husband Néstor Kirchner have two children, Máximo and Florencia.^[5]

^{mj has copyed from  Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia} 

About CIA

The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 with the signing of the National Security Act by President Harry S. Truman. The act also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community; act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security; and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency.

The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Security Act to provide for a Director of National Intelligence who would assume some of the roles formerly fulfilled by the DCI, with a separate Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

MJ HAS COPYED FROM : https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/index.html

Political pressure groups and leaders in IRAN

the Islamic Revolutionary Party (IRP) was Iran's sole political party until its dissolution in 1987; Iran now has a variety of groups engaged in political activity; some are oriented along political lines or based on an identity group; others are more akin to professional political parties seeking members and recommending candidates for office;  some are active participants in the Revolution's political life while others reject the state; political pressure groups conduct most of Iran's political activities; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat), Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh), and Islamic Engineers Society.

mj copyed from  : www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html

Article 1 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

mj

Culture of Iran

Iranian culture has long been a predominant culture of the Middle East and Central Asia, with Persian considered the language of intellectuals during much of the second millennium CE, and the language of religion and the populace before that. The Iranian New Year (Norouz) is celebrated on March 21 from Spain in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. It is celebrated as the first day of spring. Norouz was nominated as one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2004.^[98]

Iranian customs and traditions often seem complex to the foreigner, but after further study reveal a rich and often intensely warm characteristic. For example, respect for the elderly and hospitality for foreigners, remain highly visible parts of Iranian etiquette, while the highly familial nuclear structure of Iran's society is in stark contrast to many western societies.

mj copyed from :Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Social change

Social change (or Social development) is a general term which refers to:

• change in the nature, the social institutions, the social behaviour or the social relations of a society, community of people, or other social structures.
• any event or action that affects a group of individuals that have shared values or characteristics.
• acts of advocacy for the cause of changing society in a normative way (subjective).

The term is used in the study of history, economies, and politics, and includes topics such as the success or failure of different political systems, globalization, democratization, development and economic growth. The term can encompass concepts as broad as revolution and paradigm shift, to narrow changes such as a particular cause within small town government. The concept of social change imply measurement of some characteristics of this group of individuals. While the term is usually applied to changes that are beneficial to society, it may result in negative side-effects or consequences that undermine or eliminate existing ways of life that are considered positive.

Social change is a topic in sociology and social work , but also involves political science, economics, history, anthropology, and many other social sciences.

Among many forms of creating social change are theater for social change, direct action, protesting, advocacy, community organizing, community practice, revolution, and political activism.

mj has been copyed From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia